The Romanian Administrative System - French Inspiration and National Adaptation

The formation of the Romanian public administration presupposed a long process, throughout the centuries of a tumultuous history, as a result of Romania’s geographical position at the intersection of three great powers: the Ottoman Empire, Russia, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At different stages of their existence, the administration and the state structures were marked by the models of the three great powers.



The “modern” forms of administration emerged at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century; before that, there had been three Romanian principalities: Muntenia (Tara Romaneasca - the Romanian County), Moldavia, and Transilvania, each having its own institutions and administration.



This book describes the formation and evolution of the Romanian public administration starting with the second half of the 19th century to the present day.

Contents
Introduction – An excursion into the history of the Romanian public
administration ................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 1. The Constitution – the fundamental law of Romania ............................... 21
1.1. General aspects regarding the Constitution .......................................................... 21
1.2. The Romanian Constitution after the December 1989 revolution ........................ 22
1.3. The separation of powers ...................................................................................... 24
1.4. The relations among the three powers .................................................................. 27
1.5. The system of public authorities ........................................................................... 30
Chapter 2. The Romanian Legislative ........................................................................... 33
2.1. The election of the Romanian Parliament ............................................................. 33
2.2. The organization of the Romanian Parliament...................................................... 35
2.3. The functioning of the Romanian Parliament ....................................................... 36
2.4. The acts of the Romanian Parliament ................................................................... 37
Chapter 3. The judicial power ....................................................................................... 39
3.1. General considerations .......................................................................................... 39
3.2. The functioning principles of the courts of law .................................................... 40
3.3. The material competence of the civil courts of justice ......................................... 42
3.4. The territorial competence of the civil courts of justice........................................ 44
Chapter 4. The executive power .................................................................................... 45
4.1. The president of Romania ..................................................................................... 45
4.1.1. The importance of the President ................................................................. 45
4.1.2. The election and validation of the President ............................................... 46
4.1.3. Incompatibility and immunities of the presidential office .......................... 48
4.1.4. The President’s prerogative’s...................................................................... 49
4.1.5. President’s acts............................................................................................ 50
4.1.6. Vacancy and provisional appointment ........................................................ 50
4.2. The Government ................................................................................................... 51
4.2.1. The Government’s prerogatives .................................................................. 51
4.2.2. The Government’s activity ......................................................................... 52
4.3. The public administration ..................................................................................... 55
4.3.1. The institutions of the Romanian public administration ............................. 55
4.3.1.1. The notion of public administration ............................................... 55
4.3.1.2. The organization and functioning principles of the Romanian
public administration ..................................................................... 57
4.3.1.3. The tasks and roles of the public administration ............................ 66
4.3.1.4. The activities of the public administration ..................................... 68
4.3.1.5. The system of the Romanian public administration ....................... 70
4.3.2. Administrative Acts .................................................................................... 75
4.3.2.1. Characteristic features of Administrative acts ............................... 75
Sistemul administrativ românesc – inspiraţie franceză ş 6 i adaptare autohtonă
4.3.2.2. A comparison between the Administrative Acts and other
legal acts ........................................................................................ 77
4.3.2.3. Categories of administrative acts ................................................... 77
4.3.2.4. The issuance/adoption and effects of the administrative acts ........ 79
4.3.2.5. The suspension, repeal and cancellation of the administrative
acts ................................................................................................. 81
4.3.3. Categories of human resources within the public administration
system ......................................................................................................... 81
4.3.3.1. The public servants ........................................................................ 82
4.3.3.2 High public officials ..................................................................... 100
4.3.3.3. The public managers .................................................................... 101
4.3.3.4. The public servants with leadership prerogatives and the public
servants with execution prerogatives ........................................... 105
4.3.3.5. The contractual personnel ............................................................ 106
4.3.3.6. “The political officers” ................................................................ 106
4.3.3.7. Rights and obligations regarding the professional training
of the public servants and the other categories of personnel ....... 107
4.3.4. Administrative litigations .......................................................................... 108
4.3.4.1. The legality review of the activity of the public administration .. 109
4.3.4.2. General characteristics of the Romanian administrative
litigations ..................................................................................... 109
4.3.5. The institutions of the central administration and the devolved public
services ...................................................................................................... 111
4.3.5.1. The specialized central administration ......................................... 111
4.3.5.2. The ministries............................................................................... 112
4.3.5.3. The prefect and the prefect’s institution ...................................... 116
4.3.6. Local councils and county councils .......................................................... 120
4.3.6.1. The local council .......................................................................... 120
4.3.6.2. The county council ....................................................................... 128
4.3.7. The mayor, the public administrator and the secretary
of the territorial-administrative units ........................................................ 130
4.3.7.1. The mayor of the commune, town or municipality ...................... 130
4.3.7.2. The public administrator .............................................................. 133
4.3.7.3. The secretary of the territorial-administrative unit/subdivision ... 134
4.3.8. Public services .......................................................................................... 136
4.3.8.1. The theory of the public service ................................................... 136
4.3.8.2. Legislative considerations regarding the local public services
in Romania................................................................................... 138
4.3.9. The public property ................................................................................... 147
4.3.10. The territorial-administrative units, the development regions
and the national network of localities ..................................................... 150
4.3.10.1. The territorial-administrative units ........................................... 150
4.3.10.2. The development regions ......................................................... 151
4.3.10.3. The national network of localities ............................................ 157
Selective bibliography ................................................................................................... 167

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